Uso de corticosteroides no tratamento da lesão hepática aguda grave decorrente de anabolizante estanazolol / Use of corticosteroids in the treatment of stanazolol-induce severe acute liver injury

A busca pelo corpo perfeito pode gerar graves consequências para a população que faz uso indiscriminado de substâncias visando a resultados rápidos. O caso relatado se refere a um pa- ciente de 21 anos, do sexo masculino, na cidade de São Paulo (SP), que apresentou quadro de síndrome colestática 15 dias após uso do anabolizante estanazolol para fins estéticos na ativi- dade física, evoluindo com hepatite medicamentosa grave, com aumento de transaminases, hiperrubilinemia às custas de bilirrubina direta e fatores de coagulação, sem resposta satis- fatória ao tratamento de suporte convencional, com melhora significativa após introdução de corticoterapia.

Searching for the perfect body image can cause severe conse- quences to the population using substances indiscriminately to reach results fast. The case reported refers to a male patient, 21 years old, from the city of São Paulo (SP), who developed choles- tatic syndrome 15 days after the use of the steroid Stanazol for aesthetic purposes during physical activity, progressing with se- vere drug-induced hepatitis, transaminases, bilirubin, and coagu- lation factors increase with no satisfactory response to the con- ventional support treatment, and significant improvement after the introduction of corticotherapy.

Evaluación piloto de la reducción de niveles séricos de productos de glicación avanzada (AGEs) sobre la electrofisiología de la visión, en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Pilot evaluation of the serum levels reduction of advanced glication products (AGEs) on the vision electrophysiology in type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Diabetic vascular complications are associated with elevated concentrations of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). These substances can be originated endogenously by hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress, but also by dietary intake. There is indirect evidence suggesting that these complications can be prevented by lowering AGEs levels by dietary or pharmacological interventions, however its clinical benefits are still not clear enough because this would require long periods of treatment. Specific neuro-ophthalmologic tests like Multifocal Electroretinogram (MFERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) can detect retinal and myelinic nerve early changes, and thus could represent good methods to study the results of certain interventions in shorter lapses. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the effects of a pharmacological intervention designed to lower AGEs levels, on these variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 7 patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2), with more than 5 and less than 10 years of disease, without clinically evident micro and macrovascular disease, without renal failure, hypothyroidism nor vitamin B12 deficiency, whose AGEs dietary intake was moderately elevated or high (according to dietary recalls). Upon admission, a clinical evaluation, urine and blood samples were obtained for routine labs, plus ultrasensitive C Reactive Protein (usCRP) as an inflammatory marker, and carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) as representative of AGEs. Then a complete ophthalmologic evaluation was performed, including fundus, MFERG and VEP. After the initial evaluation, placebo capsules were prescribed (12 daily capsules, 4 with each main meal) during 3 months, repeating the same initial evaluation at completion of this period. Then the active treatment followed, with capsules containing cholestyramine (4 capsules containing 500 mg each, totaling 6 g per day). Patients were cited each month, to register adverse events and repeating the same evaluation after this second 3 months period. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 2 male patients, mean age was 55.1 ± 3.8 years, and diabetes was managed with metformin plus other oral agents or o insulin (4 cases). In addition, 4 patients received lipid lowering and 4 antihypertensive drugs. Metabolic control and lipid levels were variable (ranges of HbA1c 6.2-8.4%, LDL cholesterol 45-141 mg/dL, triglycerides 70-220 mg/dL). AGEs levels represented by CML were highly variable (median 31.7, range min-max 3.4-58.9 ug/uL). Basal usCRP was also variable (median 405.9, range min-max 265.6-490.7 mg/L). The treatment was well tolerated, except for mild constipation associated with cholestiramine intake. No significant changes in electroretinography or evoked potentials were observed when comparing the initial placebo period with cholestyramine treatment. A significant increase in triglyceride levels and decrease of vitamin D levels after cholestyramine treatment was observed. No changes were detected in serum concentrations of CML, usCRP or glycemic control, after treatment. The latter variables were not correlated with neurophthalmologic studies. DISCUSSION: In this preliminary study we did not observe changes in MFERG nor VEP after 6 g/day cholestyramine treatment, which did not induce lowering of CML levels. This could be attributed to the many limitations of a pilot study, such as a small sample size, short duration of treatment, reduced doses. However this design allowed to evaluate the patients´ tolerance to the drug and rule out adverse effects, in order to plan further studies using the necessary doses to obtain lowering of AGEs

Eficacia y seguridad del uso de colestiramina en el tratamiento de diarrea cronica con malabsorción de acidos biliares / Efficacy and safety of the use of cholestyramine in the treatment of chronic diarrhea with bile acid malabsorption

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: El presente dictamen presenta la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad del uso de colestiramina en el tratamiento de diarrea crónica asociada a malabsorción de ácidos biliares en niños. Aspectos Generales: La diarrea crónica es el signo principal de la malabsorción de ácidos biliares (MAB), la cual se produce por un desbalance en la homeostasis de estos ácidos en la circulación enterohepática. Los ácidos biliares recirculan entre el hígado y el intestino delgado a través del sistema de circulación enterohepática. Este sistema permite la absorción de grasas en el intestino delgado y la reabsorción de los ácidos biliares en el íleon terminal. Tecnología Sanitaria de Interés: La colestiramina es un secuestrador de ácidos liliares. Esta consta de resinas no digeribles cargadas positivamente que se unen a los ácidos biliares en el intestino, y permiten su excreción en las heces en forma de complejos insolubles. Así, evita que los ácidos biliares se acumulen en el colon y provoquen desbalance hídrico y diarrea. METODOLOGIA: Estrategia de Búsqueda: Se llevó a cabo una busqueda de la literatura con respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de colestiramina en el tratamiento de diarrea crónica en la bases de datos de PubMed, Tripdatase y www.clinicaltrials.gov. RESULTADOS: Sinopsis de la Evidencia: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de evidencia científica relacionada al uso de colestiramina en el tratamiento de pacientes con diarrea crónica asociada a malabsorción de ácidos biliares. En la presente sinopsis se describe la evidencia disponible según el tipo de publicación, siguiendo lo indicado en los criterios de elegibilidad (Guias de Práctica Clínica, Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud, Revisiones Sistemáticas, Resúmenes de Artículos, MA, ECA fase III). CONCLUSIONES: A la fecha (octubre 2016) no se han llevado a cabo ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que evalúen la eficacia y seguridad del uso de colestiramina en pacientes pediátricos o adultos con diarrea crónica ocasionada por la malabsorción de ácidos biliares. Los resultados reportados en el presente dictamen preliminar corresponden a cuatro GPC, una revisión sistemática basada en estudios observacionales y el resumen de un estudio retrospectivo que evalúa la respuesta al tratamiento con colestiramina en pacientes adultos con diarrea crónica acuosa. El Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologias en Salud e Investigación (IETSI) aprueba el uso de colestiramina como alternativa de tratamiento en pacientes con diarrea crónica por ácidos biliares. En el periodo de vigencia de este dictamen es de un año y la continuación de dicha aprobación estará sujeta a los resultados obtenidos de los pacientes que se beneficien con dicho tratamiento y a nueva evidencia que pueda surgir en el tiempo.

Effect of cholestyramine on the formation of pigment gallstone in high carbohydrate diet-fed hamsters

This study was designed to investigate the effect of cholestyramine on the formation of pigment gallstones in high carbohydrate diet-fed hamsters and whether that effect occurred because of cholecystokinin action. Forty seven hamsters were divided into three groups: group I(n = 16) was fed on normal rodent chow(43% carbohydrate), group II(n = 14) was fed on a high CHO diet(65% carbohydrate), group III(n = 17) was fed on a high CHO diet containing 4% cholestyramine. Gallstones developed in 0% of group I, 42.9% of group II and 5.9% of group III(P 0.05). In gallbladder bile analysis, there was also no significant difference between group II and group III in cholesterol, phospholipid, total calcium, total bilirubin and bile acid levels. In conclusion, cholestyramine decreases the frequency of pigment gallstone formation in high CHO diet-fed hamsters, but it is not clear whether the mechanism of cholestyramine decreasing the gallstone formation is due to the action of cholecystokinin.